Introduction to Navajo Adverbs
This lexicon is built on a list from Young & Morgan (1987:12-17). This list is a heterogeneous collection of expressions that certainly belong to more than one syntactic category. For instance, it includes time expressions like ’adą́ą́dą́ą́’ (‘yesterday’) and ’ałní’ní’ą́ (‘at noon’), but it also includes the negative frame doo…da and several expressions that are constructed with it, and it includes various particles that tend to appear before the verb (e.g., hah ’quickly’; dah ‘up’). These appear in various places within a clause. Oddly, ńt’éé (a particle denoting past time which is placed after the verb) is in the list, but dooleeł (a particle denoting future time which appears in the same position) is not in the list.
We constructed this tool using Young & Morgan’s list without making adjustments to it. There may be a future version that includes different selections.
Ła’ ha’nitáhígíí ’éí biihidzóhí 50 entries
’Akóyaa ’adah, t’áá baa ’áhólchįįh.
there-down down, just 3-to 2-aware.NI’Ayóigo deesk’aaz --- ’áyąą dah dinítsiz.
terribly cold no.wonder up 2-shiver.NI’Ałk’ésdisí naháłnii’go sitsilí dóó shideezhí ’aheełt’éego bá ’ahá níjaa’.
candy 3-1-buy.P-GO 1-little.brother and 1-little.sister RECP-equal-GO 3-for RECP-for 3-lie.aligned.PlO.NP’Ałk’idą́ą́’ Diné bikéyah bikáa’gi łį́į́’ bichąą bíighahgo tł’oh deíl’áá ńt’éé’ jiní.
long.ago Navajo.land 3-upon-at horse 3-belly sufficient-GO Pl-3-extend.out.of.sight.SNP hearsay’Áshįįh Bii’ Tóógóó náádísdzáago dziłghą́ą́’ hanáádeesh’nah.
Salt.Lake.City-toward again-1-go.F-GO mountain-back again-1-climb.R’Ííłta’ dóó ’iiłghaazh.
1-read.P CONJ 1-sleep.Pbik’ídiidis
3DO-1dpl-wrap.it.around.it.IDa’ k’ad daats’í ch’iyáán ’áníléehgo ná ’adazh’niiyą́ą́’?
Q now perhaps food 2-make.I-GO 2-for feast.happenDa’ Ron saad nináánéíłkaah ya’?
Q Ron word 3-3-investigate.I QDah doónááł lágo!
up 2-go.F don’tdajishbéézh
pl-3DO-4dpl-boil.it.Pdajishóóh
pl-3DO-4dpl-brush/comb.it.IDamǫ́ǫgo tódilchxoshí yishdlį́į́h.
Sunday-GO soda 3-1-drink.UDibé ła’ yóó’ ’íínilgo k’adę́ę ’e’e’aahgo ch’ééh bíká naanááshwoł.
sheep some away 3-1-lose.P-GO almost evening in.vain 3-after 1-run.around.Pdidadoołjéé’
pl-3DO-2dpl-start.fire.Pdidííníłjéé’
3DO-2-start.fire.PDíí dziłígíí shádi’ááh bich’ijígo ’ałkéé’ ’adíítąąd.
this mountain-Comp southward 3-toward-GO one-behind-another 3Pl-scatter.NPdoo --- ndi
Doo t’áá k’ad ’ííłta’ da.
NEG just now 1-go.school.P NEGDoo t’áá k’ad chidí na’ní’ą́ą da.
NEG just now vehicle 2-3-1-lend.P NEGHa’át’éegoshą’ t’áadoo díníyáa da?
why-Q neg 2-go.sg.P NEGhaa nízah nináhálzhishgo shą’
Haa’í lá neezgai?
where Q 3-hurt.NHaahláyéé ch’íjíghááh.
don’t.dare out-4-come.IHaash nízah kodóó nighanjį’?
how-Q 3-long.N here-from 2-home-tohadaniilchaad
pl-3DO-1dpl-card.it.(as.in.wool).PHastiin Nééz doo ’asht’é’égóó nihibéégashii yá doolnih.
Mr. Long extremely 1pl-cow 3-for 3-annoy.ProgJooł ’ahííłhan ’áádóó ’atiin dóó ’anít’i’ báhátis ’eelts’id.
ball 3-1-throw.P and.then road and fence 3-over 3-move.SRO.PNi daats’í nił bééhózin ’éí doodaii’ nicheii daats’í bił bééhózin?
2 perhaps 2-with 3-know.CI TOP or 2-grandfather perhaps 3-with 3-know.CINichidíshą’ háadi nííníłbą́ą́z?
2-car-Q where-at 3-2-park.Pnidadoohłeeł
pl-3DO-2dpl-carry.a.ropelike.thing.around.FNił hǫ́zhǫ́ǫ́sh doodaii’ doósh nił hózhǫ́ǫ da?
2-with-happy.NI-Q or neg-Q 2-with happy.NI negNíyolgo t’áá ’áko niishch’ił.
wind-GO immediately 3-blink.UShá bíighah ’azee’ál’į́įdi sédá.
sun proportionate medicine 3-make.I 1-sit.SPNShíká ’anilyeed, Obi-Wan Kenobi.
1-for 2-run.F Obi-Wan KenobSikétsíín diniihgo bik’í’dísdis.
1-ankle pain-GO 3-wrap.ISitsóí éí ’ashiiké nidaanéego ’atah nijóne’ laanaa nízin.
my.grandson TOP boy pl-3pl-play.I-GO join 4-play.O hope 3-3.want.CITó lą’ígo nidlą́ ’áko bee nitah yá’áh’hoot’ééh dooleeł.
water many 3-2-drink.DI so 3-with 2-among pl-3-good.NI futurebee ’ééhóziní
- Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- ’áko so, so that, so thenfind in Navajo Conjunction Lexicon
- -ee by means offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -tah, -taa-, -ta- among, mixingfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- Neuter Imperfective (NI)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- dooleeł future
Tsé’áándę́ę́’ dóó tsédáajį’ ninish’na’.
cave-from and cliff-to 1-crawl.Pbee ’ééhóziní
- -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- dóó and, and thenfind in Navajo Conjunction Lexicon
- -jį́’ up to, as far asfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- ninish’nééh crawl to a pointfind in Navajo Verb Modes